ext) When new DNA is made, a polymerization reaction occurs that binds the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar group of a second nucleotide. Octane, C 8H 18, is a component of gasoline.Īlkanes are relatively stable molecules, but heat or light will activate reactions that involve the breaking of C–H or C–C single bonds. Methane, CH 4, is the natural gas you may burn in your furnace. The ‘default’ in organic chemistry, essentially, the lack of any functional groups, is given the term alkane, characterized by single bonds between carbon and carbon, or between carbon and hydrogen. Much of the remainder of your study of organic chemistry will be taken up with learning about how the different functional groups behave in organic reactions. Functional groups in capsaicin.Īs one progresses their study of organic chemistry, it becomes extremely important to be able to quickly recognize the most common functional groups, because they are the key structural elements that define how organic molecules react. For now, we will only worry about drawing and recognizing each functional group, as depicted by Lewis and line structures, and the nomenclature of simple organic compounds.

The structure of capsaicin, the compound which is the source of the heat in hot chili peppers, incorporates several functional groups, labeled in the figure below and explained throughout this section. Know the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.įunctional groups are structural units within organic compounds that are defined by specific bonding arrangements between specific atoms.Draw the functional groups mentioned here.Identify and name the functional groups mentioned here.Aqui são discutidas as implicações dos resultados, as recomendações para uma análise futura e as modificações do protocolo.By the end of this section, you will be able to: As análises indicaram que: todas as nove estações eram heterotróficas das nove estações seis apresentaram níveis esperados de carga orgânica em suspensão e uma ligação abaixo do previsto com a entrada de materiais da mata ripária somente duas estações apresentaram restrições em relação a estabilidade do canal (substrado estável). Foram empregadas, como substitutos dos atributos do ecossistema de córregos/rios, as seguintes proporções do FFG: o equilíbrio entre autotrofia e heterotrofia a ligação entre a entrada de matéria orgânica particulada grossa da mata ripária com a cadeia alimentar fluvial a comparação da dominância relativa de matéria orgânica particulada fina em transporte (carga em suspensão) àquela depositada nos sedimentos e a estabilidade geomórfica do canal. Na abordagem do FFG, coleções de macroinvertebrados são categorizadas qualitativamente de acordo com as suas adaptações morfológicas e comportamentais para a aquisição de alimentos (por exemplo: os raspadores apanham algas não filamentosas presas a superfícies estáveis em água corrente). The implications of the findings and recommendations for further analysis and modifications of the protocol are discussed.įoram feitas análises do grupo de alimentação funcional (FFG - sigla em inglês) de macroinvertebrados para avaliar a condição ecológica de nove estações de córregos/rios da região da Floresta Atlântica no Paraná, Brasil. The analyses indicated that all nine sites were heterotrophic, six of the nine carried expected levels of suspended organic load and showed below expected linkage with riparian inputs, and in only two were stable substrates limiting. FFG ratios were employed as surrogates for stream/river ecosystem attributes: balance between autotrophy and heterotrophy linkage between riparian inputs of coarse particulate organic matter and in-stream food webs relative dominance of fine particulate organic matter in transport (suspended load) compared to that deposited in the sediments and geomorphic stability of the channel. scrapers that harvest non-filamentous, attached algae from stable surfaces in flowing water). The FFG approach categorizes qualitative macroinvertebrate collections according to their morphological-behavioral adaptations for food acquisition (e.g. An analysis conducted at nine stream/river sites in the Atlantic Forest region in the State of Paraná, Brazil used macroinvertebrate functional feeding group (FFG) assessments to evaluate ecological condition of the sites.